bad guys | good guys

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see also Congressional Research Service reports

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• Bad Guys ___[return to top]
  • See also convergence of crime and terror

  • Financing Terror (local copy), by Olson, in Law Enforcement Bulletin, Feb 2007

  • Dealing with Hawala: Informal Financial Centers in the Ethnic Community (local copy), by Casey, in Law Enforcement Bulletin, Feb 2007

  • The Financial Front in the Global War on Terrorism (local copy), by Buckley and Meese, U.S. Military Academy, 2005

  • Al Qaeda Finances and Funding to Affiliated Groups, by Comras, in Strategic Insights, Jan 2005

  • The Global War on Terrorist Finance (local copy), eJournal, State Department, Economic Perspectives, Sep 2004

  • Terrorist Financing: U.S. Agencies Should Systematically Assess Terrorists’ Use of Alternative Financing Mechanisms (local copy), GAO report, Nov 2003 - with overview of methods terrorists use to raise and transfer money

  • 911 Commission monographs on Terrorist Financing and Travel

  • The Threat of Terrorist Financing (local copy), testimony by Aufhauser, Senate subcommittee, 26 Jun 04

  • Funding Terrorism: Sources and Methods (local copy), by Ehrenfeld, for workshop at Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mar 2002

  • Terrorist Groups Increasingly Linked to Drugs, Officials Say (local copy), 13 Mar 2002 State Department experts testify before Senate subcommittee

  • Hawala and Underground Terrorist Financing Mechanisms (local copy), Congressional hearing, 14 Nov 2001

  • Fund-Raising Methods and Procedures for International Terrorist Organizations (local copy), 12 Feb 2002 Congressional testimony

  • From "Secretive Money-Moving System Scrutinized for bin Laden Funds," International Herald Tribune, 3 Oct 2001, especially the use of the informal banking system known as hawala, the Arabic word for trust -- excerpt below

    In hawala, sums large and small are sent halfway around the world on a handshake and a code word. Records of transactions are kept only until the deal is completed, then they are destroyed, said hawala traders in Quetta.The operation is deceptively simple, especially because no cash moves across a border or through an electronic transfer system, the places where authorities are most likely to spot the transaction or maintain a record of it.

  • The hawala alternative remittance system and its role in money laundering, Interpol information booklet, Oct 2002

  • Following the Terrorist Informal Money Trail: The Hawala Financial Mechanism, by Looney, in Strategic Insights, Nov 2002, Center for Contemporary Conflict

  • Al Qaeda's Gold: Following Trail to Dubai, by Farah, Washington Post, 18 Feb 2002

  • "International Drug Control Cooperation" -- drug policy document from the Office of National Drug Control Policy, discusses movement of monies, including following

    Illegal-drug profits are laundered via traditional bank or non-bank financial institutions. However, a significant amount of illicit funds are laundered via non-traditional financial systems or methods. The black market peso exchange is one of the most popular mechanisms used to repatriated drug proceeds to Colombia. In this laundering method, Colombian drug organizations sell drug-related U.S. currency to Colombian black market peso exchangers who, in turn, place the currency into U.S. bank accounts. The"hawala" or "hundi" remittance systems, which operate parallel to "western" banking systems, are prevalent in Pakistan, India, and South Asia. As with the black market peso exchange, the value of the money is transferred without the currency itself ever being moved. The system operates on trust and functions using a network of hawala brokers around the world. Hawala has been seen as a component of various money laundering schemes associated with a variety of predicate offenses in U.S. cases.

  • Osama bin Laden: Marketing Terrorism, examination of financial aspects, from the International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism

• Good Guys ___[return to top]
  • Economic Effects of 9-11: a Retrospective Assessment (local copy), Congressional Research Service report

  • National Money Laundering Strategy, U.S. Treasury - includes effort against terrorism financing

  • National Drug Control Strategy, Office of National Drug Control Policy

  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
    • Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF)
      • Self-Assessment Exercise: FATF Special Recommendations on Terrorist Financing, including news of progress since Oct 2001
        • Countries which have responded to the self-assessment
        • Eight Special Recommendations on Terrorist Financing, 31 Oct 2001

  • Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence (TFI) - marshals the [treasury] department's intelligence and enforcement functions with the twin aims of safeguarding the financial system against illicit use and combating rogue nations, terrorist facilitators, money launderers, drug kingpins, and other national security threats.
    • Legal Documents - Freezing Terrorist Assets
    • Terrorist Assets Report, Calendar Year 2002 (local copy)
    • Executive Order 13224 (local copy)
    • Executive Order 13268, amendment to 13224 (local copy)

  • Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), Treasury Dept, "administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions against targeted foreign countries, terrorism sponsoring organizations and international narcotics traffickers"
    • Executive Order 13224 and names of terrorist organizations to freeze assets (local copy), including the aka info (HTML copy)

  • Terrorism Sanctions Regulations (local copy)
  • Terrorism List Governments Sanctions Regulations (local copy)
  • Foreign Terrorist Organizations Sanctions Regulations (local copy)

  • President Clinton's August 1998 freezing of assets - EO 12947 (local copy) of Usama bin Ladin and two individuals, Abu Hafs al-Masri and Rifa'i Ahmad Taha Musa, and the Islamic Army and its various pseudonyms (including al-Qaida)

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